Depression in Children
What is Depression?
Depression, also known as Major Depressive Episode, is a mental health condition that affects people of all ages, including children and teenagers. We all feel sad, moody, or unhappy from time to time, particularly when faced with loss or grief. This is normal. Clinical depression is different. It is a serious illness that results in a long-term depressed mood that interferes with daily activities. Depression affects one in five people at some time in their lives. Females are affected more than males. The onset of depression is typically around mid-to-late adolescence.
Symptoms of Depression
Emotional
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Feeling sad or down most of the time.
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Appear teary.
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Unusual irritability.
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Negative thoughts about themselves or their life.
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Feeling guilty or worthless.
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Thoughts about self-harm or death.
Behavioural
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Loss of interest in activities they used to enjoy.
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Withdrawing from family and friends.
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Difficulty concentrating and making decisions.
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Changes in school performance.
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Not going out anymore.
Physical
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Decrease or increase in appetite.
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Sleeping much more or less than usual.
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Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.
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Regular stomach aches or headaches.
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Lapse in personal hygiene.
The symptoms can vary during the day but are often worse in the morning. A depressive episode can be categorised as mild, moderate, or severe depending on the number and severity of symptoms, and their impact on daily functioning.
Causes of Depression
There is no single cause of depression, rather it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Factors that can increase a child’s risk of suffering depression include:
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Genetics: Family history of depression or other mental health condition. Inherited pessimistic or self-critical temperament that can over time develop into depression.
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Brain chemistry: Biochemical changes or imbalances in the brain that regulate mood.
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Stressful or traumatic events. Experiencing stressful or traumatic events (e.g. loss of a loved one, parent divorce/separation, abuse, bullying, moving house, changing school), ongoing problems at home or school.
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Medical conditions: Chronic illness or severe medical condition.
Treatment for Depression
Treatment for depression typically involves both counselling and medication.
If depression is left untreated, it can be devasting for the child and their families. Some people may have one depressive episode in a lifetime, but for most people depression recurs. Without treatment, depressive episodes may last a few months to several years. Untreated depression can lead to relationship problems, isolation, and risk taking behaviours. In the long-term it can lead to reduced opportunities for education and employment, substance abuse, physical health issues, and inappropriate sexual involvement. Admission to a hospital may occur for severe cases.
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